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Today blacks live five to seven fewer years than whites. Black infant mortality is 2.2 times that of whites. Blacks lead in death rates in 14 of 16 leading diseases, many preventable. Diabetes is 33 percent more common in blacks, and cancer mortality has increased 50 percent for blacks since 1950 but only 10 percent for whites. Breakthroughs such as vaccinations, invasive cardiac procedures, cancer therapies, MRIs, and organ transplants have dramatically improved the health of Americans in the last century, but health care for African Americans has been dangerously deficient, even unavailable. An American Health Dilemma is the first comprehensive history to explore African Americans' disadvantages in the area of health. In the highly anticipated volume two. Byrd and Clayton complete the story begun in the first volume, bringing us from the turn of the century to the health-care disparities that persist. Clayton argues that health-care racism is a systematic culturally embedded problem that in the last hundred years has been marked by small gains, disastrous setbacks, and a passive acceptance of African Americans as a permanent health underclass.Even steps forward in the 1960's, they maintain, didn't do enough to change the present situation. A monumental and original work of scholarship, An American Health Dilemma will be the essential reference about black medical health experience for years to come. Contents: Introduction Part One: Race, Medicine, and Health in Early Twentieth Century America 1. Black Americans and the Health System in the Early Twentieth Century: 1901-1929 2. Black Americans and the Health System During the Great Depression and World War II, 1930-1945 Part Two: Race, Medicine, and Health Before, During and After the Black Civil Rights Era 3. Black Americans and the Health System from World War II Through the Civil Rights Era, 1945-1965 4. Civil Rights Gains, Conservative Retrenchment, and Black Health, 1965-1980 5. The Medical Profession During an Era of Civil Rights Gains and Conservative 6. Western Sciences Deep, Dark Secret and the U.S. Health System's Mendacious Legacy 7. Retrenchment and a Dream Deferred: The Black Health Crisis of the 1980's and 1990's Part Three: Race, Medicine, Health Reform, and the Future 8. Black and Disadvantaged Health, Health Reform and the Future